leopold ii, holy roman emperor

He recognized the Estates of his different dominions as "the pillars of the monarchy", pacified the Hungarians and Bohemians, and divided the insurgents in the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium) by means of concessions. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Birth of Ferdinand III, granduca di Toscana. Stanford University. The nation was shocked out of its lethargy by the accession of Maria Theresa’s son Joseph II on her death in 1780. Catherine would have been delighted to see Austria and Prussia embark on a crusade in the cause of kings against the French Revolution. He used his outstanding talents as a diplomat and administrator to strengthen the empire by pacifying the Netherlands and Hungary and making agreements with Prussia and Turkey. Elected in 1658, Leopold ruled the Holy Roman Empire until his death in 1705, becoming the longest-ruling Habsburg emperor. From the east he was threatened by the aggressive ambition of Catherine II of Russia and by the unscrupulous policy of Prussia. Heiliges Römisches Reich, Kaiser 1747-1792. Pierpont Morgan Library. When he succeeded to the Austrian lands, he began by making large concessions to the interests offended by his brother's innovations. Media in category "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor" The following 27 files are in this category, out of 27 total. Leopold II, (born May 5, 1747, Vienna—died March 1, 1792, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor from 1790 to 1792, one of the most capable of the 18th-century reformist rulers known as the “enlightened despots.” Read More on This Topic Hungary: Joseph II and Leopold II Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. He became fluent in several languages: Latin, Italian, German, French, and Spanish. Leopold lived for barely two years after his accession as Holy Roman Emperor, and during that period he was hard pressed by peril from west and east alike. Leopold II (1747-1792) was Holy Roman emperor from 1790 to 1792. His christened name was: Petrus Leopoldus Ioannes Antonius Joachim Pius Gotthardus, Predecessor Joseph II Successor Francis II, Predecessor Francis Stephen Successor Ferdinand III. May 5, 1747, Vienna; d.March 1, 1792, Vienna; Holy Roman emperor from 1790 to 1792; after Joseph II died in February 1790, Leopold was elected emperor and also became king of Hungary and archduke of Austria) Then, when sure of British support, he was in a position to baffle the intrigues of Prussia. His disposition was cold and retiring. Some of his other sons were prominent personages in their day. Leopold II von Österreich, Holy Roman Emperor was born on 5 May 1747 at Schloss Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria G. 3 He was the son of Franz I Stefan de Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresia Amalia Walburga Erzherzogin von Österreich. On the death of his father, Holy Roman Emperor Franz I in 1765, he was succeeded as Emperor by his eldest son, Joseph II, and as Grand Duke of Tuscany by his younger son, Peter Leopold (later Emperor Leopold II). When these failed to restore order, he m… His good sense was revolted by the folly of the French émigrés, and he did his utmost to avoid being entangled in the affairs of that country. Leopold II (5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792), born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. When Leopold succeeded (1790) his brother Joseph II as In August 1791, however, he joined with the Prussians in issuing the Declaration of Pillnitz, appealing to the European sovereigns to use force to assure the maintenance of monarchical government in France. He reigned over the Grand Duchy of Tuscany for a capable 25 years until his brother died in February 1790, when he was elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In face of the reaction in France to the Declaration of Pillnitz, the intrigues of the émigrés, and attacks made by the French revolutionists on the rights of the German princes in Alsace, Leopold continued to hope that intervention might not be required. Leopold's reign is known for conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the east and rivalry with Louis XIV, a contemporary and fir Link to Wikipedia biography During the twenty years which elapsed between his return to Florence and the death of his eldest brother Joseph II in 1790, he was employed in reforming the administration of his small state. Mivel bátyjának (és elődjének), II. [citation needed], But his steady, consistent, and intelligent administration, which advanced step by step, brought the grand duchy to a high level of material prosperity. See more » Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria. Geni requires JavaScript! In 1770, he made a journey to Vienna to secure the removal of this vexatious guardianship and returned to Florence with a free hand. In person, he was short, but strong and healthy. New!! To his sister, he gave good advice and promises of help if she and her husband could escape from Paris. Leopold was born in Vienna, the third son, and was at first educated for the priesthood, but the theological studies to which he was forced to apply himself are believed to have influenced him against the Church. The portrait by Pompeo Batoni in which they appear together shows that they bore a strong personal resemblance to one another. One of the harshest actions Leopold took to placate the noble communities of the various Habsburg domains was to issue a decree on 9 May 1790, that forced thousands of Bohemian serfs freed by his brother Joseph back into servitude. The third son of the Habsburg Maria Theresa and the emperor Francis I, Leopold succeeded his father as duke of Tuscany when his eldest brother became emperor as Joseph II in 1765. Leopold was a man of industry and education, and during his later years, he showed some political ability. Brother of Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria; H.I. After Joseph II died in February 1790, Leopold was elected emperor (and also became king of Hungary and archduke of Austria). 1970. In addition to German, Italian would be the most favored language at his court. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. Leopold, during his government in Tuscany, had shown a speculative tendency to grant his subjects a constitution. Leopold II, By the Grace of God, Holy Roman Emperor; King of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Rama, Serbia, Cumania and Bulgaria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Burgundy, Lorraine, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Grand Duke of Etruria; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia, Prince of Brabant, Limburg, Luxembourg, Geldern, Württemberg, Upper and Lower Silesia, Milan, Mantua, Parma, Piacenza, Guastalla, Auschwitz and Zatoria, Calabria, Bar, Ferrete and Teschen; Lord of Svevia and Charleville; Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Hannonia, Kyburg, Gorizia, Gradisca; Margrave of Burgau, Upper and Lower Lusatia, Pont-a-Mousson and Nomenum, Count of Provinces of Namur, Valdemons, Albimons, Count of Zütphen, Sarverda, Salma and Falkenstein, Lord of the Wend Margravate and Mechelen, etc. A few years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the Bonifacio Hospital (it). Born on 9 June 1640 in Vienna, Leopold received a careful education by excellent teachers. ...Lotharingen, Joseph Ii van Habsburg - Lotharingen, Maria Christina Johanna Josepha Antonia van Habsburg-Lotharingen, Maria Elisabeth van ... ... van Oostenrijk, Frans Jozef Karel van Habsburg-Lotharingen, Ferdinand III van Toscane, Maria Anna van Habsburg-Lotharingen, Karel van Oo... Francois Franz I Stefan Etienne Lorraine, Maria Maria Theresia Theresia von Österreich. But it may be said of Leopold, as of Fontenelle, that his heart was made of brains. He was a son of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa, thus the brother of Marie Antoinette. 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica; Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire; II. The pacification of his eastern dominions left Leopold free to re-establish order in Belgium and to confirm friendly relations with Britain and the Netherlands. He died suddenly in Vienna, in March 1792, although some claimed he was poisoned or secretly murdered. Leopold II. Cite. A personal appeal to Frederick William II led to a conference between them at Reichenbach in July 1790, and to an arrangement which was in fact a defeat for Prussia: Leopold's coronation as king of Hungary on 11 November 1790, preceded by a settlement with the Diet in which he recognized the dominant position of the Magyars. Leopold II - Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; (5 May 1747 - 1 March 1792), was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in October at Frankfurt; and he succeeded to the title of King of Bohemia and Hungary on in … [1] He was the eldest child of his parents and had a younger sister Marie Antoinette and a brother Leopold II. He was a son of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa.Leopold was a moderate proponent of enlightened absolutism. English: HM Leopold II (May 5, 1747 – March 1, 1792), born Peter Leopold Joseph, was the penultimate Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand Duke of Tuscany. The reformation was carried out by the removal of the ruinous restrictions on industry and personal freedom imposed by his predecessors of the house of Medici and left untouched during his father's life, by the introduction of a rational system of taxation (reducing the rates of taxation), and by the execution of profitable public works, such as the drainage of the Val di Chiana. Joseph II was born on March 13, 1741, in Vienna, Austria, to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and his wife Maria Theresa of Austria. (1747-1792), Roman emperor, and grand-duke of Tuscany, son of the empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I., was born in Vienna on the 5th of May 1747. The insults inflicted on Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, however, at the time of their attempted flight to Varennes in June, stirred his indignation, and he made a general appeal in the Padua Circular to the sovereigns of Europe to take common measures in view of events which "immediately compromised the honour of all sovereigns, and the security of all governments." His habits were simple to the verge of sordidness, though he could display splendour on occasion, and he could not help offending those of his subjects who had profited by the abuses of the Medicean régime. He used his outstanding talents as a diplomat and administrator to strengthen the empire by pacifying the Netherlands and Hungary and making agreements with Prussia and Turkey. Austria and Prussia concluded a defensive alliance in February 1792, but Leopold died less than two months before France declared war on Austria. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He also reigned as the king of Hungary and Bohemia and was also the grand duke of Tuscany and archduke of Austria. Born in Portici, in Campania, the site of the summer palace of her parents, King Charles, King of Naples and Sicily and Maria Amalia of Saxony. ...ch Duchess of Austria, Marie Elizabeth Habsburg Stefan, Marie Caroline Habsborg Stefan, Joseph Ii Habsburg-Lorraine, Maria Amalia X, Mari... ...of Oesterreich, Filippo Maria Lodovico Francesco of Parma, Maria Theresia Josepha Charlotte Johanna X, Lodovico i King of Etruria, Maria ... 1747 - Wien, Schloss Schönbrunn, Bezirk Hietzing, Niederösterreich, Hauptstadt, Österreich, 1792 - Wien, Schloss Schönbrunn, Bezirk Hietzing, Niederösterreich, Hauptstadt, Österreich, Francis i Stefan Lorraine Lothringen, Maria Theresa Archduchess of Austria Empress Consort of The Holy Roman Empire. Max von Portheim - Bibliograph einer Epoche : typescript, ca. He recognized the Estates of his different dominions as "the pillars of the monarchy", pacified the Hungarians and Bohemians, and divided the insurgents in the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium) by means of concessions. [5] Joseph František Maximilian, 7th Prince Lobkowicz, commissioned a reconstruction of the Lobkowicz Palace's exterior in honor of the coronation, giving the palace the appearance that it retains to this day. His ecclesiastical policy, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, was not successful. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (Austrian emperor of Rome, 1747-1792) Source Citation [ }] Descriptive Note Contributors from initial SNAC EAC-CPF ingest. ...Charles Joseph Emmanuel Johann de Habsbourg Lotheringen, Leopold Ii de Lorraine, Maria Johanna Gabriela Lorraine, Archduchess of Austria,... Maria Ludovika Kaiserin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation Prinzessin von Spanien di Bourbon. Lipót néven magyar király, német-római császár, a toszkánai Szent István Lovagrend újjászervezője és nagymestere. Maria Clementina of Austria (24 April 1777 – 15 November 1801) was an Austrian archduchess and the tenth child and third daughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain. Unusually for his time, he opposed capital punishment and abolished it in Tuscany in 1786 during his rule there, making it … Leopold was schooled in the classics, history, literature, natural science and astronomy, and was particularly inter… Wikipedia He is regarded as one of the most capable and sensible 18th-century monarchs. Leopold, during his government in Tuscany, had shown a speculative tendency to grant his subjects a constitution. When he succeeded to the Austrian lands, he began by making large concessions to the interests offended by his brother's innovations. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! Greatly influenced by the Jesuits, he was a staunch proponent of the Counter-reformation. Resource Toolbox. Preceded by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Succeeded by Francis I of Austria Archduke of Austria and King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia February 20, 1790 - March 1, 1792 (2 years) (42-44) Birth of Maria Anna of Austria, Archduchess , Abbess... Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans September 1790-1792, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia 1790-1792, Archduke of Austria 1790-1792, duc de Brabant, duc de Limbourg, duc de Luxembourg, comte de Flandre, comte de Hainaut, comte de Namur, Leopold II. On 25 August 1791, he met the king of Prussia at Pillnitz Castle, near Dresden, and they drew up the Declaration of Pillnitz, stating their readiness to intervene in France if and when their assistance was called for by the other powers. Leopold II, was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. ...aine, Maria Anna Josepha Antonia, Maria Carolina Habsburg-Lorraine, Maria Carolina Ernestina Antonia Johanna Josefa, Maria Elisabeth Jose... ...oseph Palatine of Hungary, Rainer Joseph of Austria, of Parma, Johann of Austria, Charles of Teschen, Maria Theresia Josepha Charlotte Jo... Franz I. Stefan von Habsburg-Lothringen, Maria Theresa von Habsburg. When these failed to restore order, he m… Leopold II had no difficulty in seeing through the rather transparent cunning of the Russian empress, and he refused to be misled. He was unable to secularize the property of the religious houses or to put the clergy entirely under the control of the lay power. ...arie Christine Habsburg, Marie Elizabeth Habsburg, Charles Habsburg, Marie Amalia Habsburg, Marie Joanna Habsburg, Marie Josepha Habsburg... ...nd, Ludwig Karl Habsburg, Leopold Habsburg, Josef Anton Habsburg, Clementina Maria Habsburg, Anton Viktor Habsburg, Johann Baptiste Habsb... Frans i Stefan van Lotharingen, Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina van Oostenrijk. He ruled from 1790 to 1792 and died on 3/01/1792. His sister sent him passionate appeals for help, and he was pestered by the royalist émigrés, who were intriguing to bring about armed intervention in France. The declaration was a mere formality, for, as Leopold knew, neither Russia nor Britain was prepared to act, and he endeavored to guard against the use which he foresaw the émigrés would try to make of it. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement.[3]. Done. Regarding himself as an absolute sovereign, he was extremely tenacious of his rights. He had already made an eight months' truce with the Turks in September, which prepared the way for the termination of the war begun by Joseph II. : He was a son of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa, thus the brother of Marie Antoinette. referencedIn: Tatzer, Leopold. 1792, dessin d'Antoine Brice gravé par Cardon, Consolation de la Monarchie Autrichienne sur la mort de l'Empereur Léopold II.JPG 3,136 × 2,478; 1.58 MB Leopold was a moderate proponent of enlightened absolutism. Leopold II was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. Leopold was too purely a politician not to be secretly pleased at the destruction of the power of France and of her influence in Europe by her internal disorders. Within six weeks of his accession, he displayed his contempt for France's weakness by practically tearing up the treaty of alliance made by Maria Theresa in 1756 and opening negotiations with Great Britain to impose a check on Russia and Prussia. ...in von Ungarn von Österreich-Lothringen, Franz Franz II Joseph Karl Österreich, Karl Ludwig Johann Joseph Lorenz Erzherzog von Österreich... ...e-Antoinette, Reine de France et de Navarre d'Bourbon, Maria Carolina Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Joseph Joseph II Benedikt Anton Michael Adam ... Schönbrunn im Steigerwald, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR), German: Leopold II von Östereich, Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation, Russian: Леопольд 2 Габсбург, Holy Roman Emperor, Descendants of Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress, Franz I Stephan, Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, Maria Theresa , Erzherzogin von Österreich und Königin von Ungarn und Böhmen, Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827), Queen consort of Saxony, Franz II/I Joseph Karl von Habsburg-Österreich, last Holy Roman eror, 1st Emperor of Austria, Maria Anna of Austria, Archduchess , Abbess at the Theresian Convent in Prague, Carl von Österreich-Teschen, Herzog von Teschen, Alexander Leopold, Erzherzog von Österreich, Joseph Anton Johann, Erzherzog von Österreich, Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria, Duchess of Calabria, Maria Amalia Josephe Johanna Katharina Theresia von Österreich, Erzherzogin, Rainer Joseph von Österreich, viceré del Lombardo-Veneto, H.I. In January, he had to dismiss the Count of Artois (afterwards Charles X of France) in a very peremptory way. Leopold II stands very much in the shadow of his brother Joseph II, whom he succeeded on the imperial throne in 1790 but only outlived by two years. Leopold II, (born May 5, 1747, Vienna—died March 1, 1792, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor from 1790 to 1792, one of the most capable of the 18th-century reformist rulers known as the “enlightened despots.”. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Detailed information about the coin Medal, Coronation of Leopold II as Holy Roman Emperor, Austria, Habsburg, with pictures and collection and swap management: mintage, descriptions, metal, weight, size, value and other numismatic data The nation was shocked out of its lethargy by the accession of Maria Theresa’s son Joseph II on her death in 1780. Of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa, the... 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